Realism: A Counter to Romantic Subjectivity

What cultural and artistic movement challenged the subjectivity, exoticism, and escapism of Romanticism?

1. Surrealism

2. Realism

3. Impressionism

Answer:

Realism

Realism, a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the 19th century, was a direct challenge to the acute subjectivity, exoticism, and escapism often associated with Romanticism. Unlike the Romantic era, which focused on idealized and emotional representations of reality, Realism sought to depict the harsh truths and realities of everyday life.

Realists such as Jean-François Millet and John Sloan believed in showing scenes as they truly were, even if it meant portraying the struggles of the working class or the negative effects of industrialization. This shift towards portraying the 'real' world without embellishment or romanticization was a significant departure from the romantic ideals of the past.

Figures like Leo Tolstoy also played a crucial role in challenging the traditional narrative of history, emphasizing that historical events were not solely shaped by powerful individuals but by the collective actions of everyday people. This perspective brought a more nuanced and inclusive view of history, moving away from a focus on the elites to a more comprehensive understanding of societal experiences.